Tuesday, January 18, 2011

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: UNEMPLOYED PROBLEMS OF ASSAM AND SOME REMEDIAL MEA...

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: UNEMPLOYED PROBLEMS OF ASSAM AND SOME REMEDIAL MEA...: "Unemployment in one such mighty problem put the future sizeable group of educated as well as uneducated youth of country in the dark. Limite..."

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: The Eco-Political History of Muslims in Assam, Ind...

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: The Eco-Political History of Muslims in Assam, Ind...: "Assam is the second largest Muslim populated state of India (in terms of percentage) only after Jammu and Kashmir. Muslims constitute about ..."

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: Tips of Peaceful Life

KHANS' THOUGHTS CORNER: Tips of Peaceful Life: "A simple and peaceful life starts with a peaceful mind. A turbulent mind disturbs your peace of mind; there is a sense of urgency in trying ..."

Sunday, January 16, 2011

Tips of Peaceful Life

A simple and peaceful life starts with a peaceful mind. A turbulent mind disturbs your peace of mind; there is a sense of urgency in trying to get something beyond your reach. The way to live is to allow your mind to be at peace or rather let you mind be “empty” but focus and enjoy what you do at the moment. Here are 10 ways to enjoy a simple and peaceful life:
1. Devotion to God or Allah:-If we belief that God or Allah created us and allowed us to this world then I think that everybody have to waste a lot of time for thinking or praying to him, because let us think that we create a thing, then we will try to use it for our good.  We created that for our well, we will refuse its bad effect on us, according to this idea I think that if anybody try to have a peaceful life, and then he should waste a lot of time to thinking their creator.
2. Positive emotions: The best way to have peace of mind is to think of positive thoughts such as kindness, love, forgiveness, appreciation, and thankfulness instead of anger, resentment and bitterness. We need not think for the temporary things. Let If I go to the gambling then I can earn more. It can be happen that I may be fall in loss. So if I think that I should to do a good and positive work then I can gain more, there will be no problem that I can or not? So, we should be aware of bad idea about other people:- We should have a bad idea about anyone man, because if we think for a bad idea for the people they will also create a bad idea for us. If the Newton’s second law of force is right then every action has a equal and opposite site reaction, if we be a cause of harm for any people then he must be a cause of harm for us. Therefore we should not have negative sense about any other people. 

4. Resist the urge to have more and be simple: Simplicity can help you in the way of urge. Don’t fill your mind with your wants for more material things. Don’t let it disturb your peace of mind. Learn to enjoy and find contentment in what you have.
5. Do only what is meaningful and important to you: Prioritize your to-do list and do only a few important tasks for the day. Avoid trying to do more is to avoid getting yourself under stress.
6. One task at a time: Don’t complicate the mind. Let it concentrate on one task at a time. Doing too many things at the same time is taxing the mind and applying pressure on you. Take breaks between tasks to clear clutter in your mind
7. Go slow: There is no need to rush about, just plan your work and work your plan. Reduce your speed when you are driving. Eat slowly and enjoy your food. Take your time to appreciate and marvel nature. 
8. Sleep well: This is one powerful way to enjoy peace of mind. A good night’s sleep allows your mind to be at ease, relaxed and be zestful.

Wednesday, January 12, 2011

The Eco-Political History of Muslims in Assam, India

Assam is the second largest Muslim populated state of India (in terms of percentage) only after Jammu and Kashmir. Muslims constitute about thirty percent of the state population. They are historically concentrated in the south and west Assam in large numbers. Five of the six Muslims majority districts of Assam lie in these regions and also the other districts in these regions have significant percentage of Muslims. Interestingly in Assam it is found that, wherever Muslim political structure once developed, has high percentage of Muslims living there. Besides, the southern and western region, central Assam (mainly in the districts of Nagaon and Marigaon) has significant Muslim populations. Presently the state has almost eighty lakhs Muslim population. History of the origin of this huge numbers of inhabitants does not represent one single period. Almost a quarter of their Islamic origin belongs to 13th to 15thcentury A.D., which is the timing of my study on Muslims Socio-Political History.The history of the Muslims of Assam is important for a comprehensive history of Assam. In fact, the way history of our country is incomplete without the reference of Assam. A history of Assam is also incomplete without the reference of Muslims history. In Assam, Muslim community is heterogeneous in character. Unlike other religious groups of the state, they are also divided culturally, ethnically and linguistically. A systematic study of these different groups, in the light of various sources and conditions is necessary, for the sake of a comprehensive history of state and Muslims in particular. Actually historical processes of conversion in to Islam, settlement of Muslims from outside and the geographical variance of the state paved their division. It is a fact, neither at single point of time Muslims had entered Assam, nor the locals belong to Hinduism and tribal faith embraced Islam at a time. Muslims arrived and settled in different places at different stages of history. Similarly the conversions to Islam occurred at various point of times. The newly settled Muslims (13th to 15th A.D.) of Turk, Afghan, Arabic, Persian and other backgrounds, mingling with the newly converted Muslims, and Non Muslims paved the way for the enhancement of language, Polity, economy and society of Assam. Thus local languages and dialects became filled with new words used by the adventurer. Both Assamese and Bengali languages are fraught with Arabic and Persian words. So Muslims added new dimension to Assam, what every new community develops certain trends and cultural diversities in the society and polity of that land, which in turn enrich the existing one.Language: Assam is a land of languages and dialects, as many as forty-five languages spoken by its communities. It is a mini India in terms of language. There are many ethnic groups, each have their own language, culture and tradition and of course very distinct customs. From a small tribe of four to five thousands Mech, to Bengali the largest ethnic group, every one have their language, culture and dialects. At present Assamese and Bengali are two principle languages of Assam. Assamese is the official language of Brahmputra valley and it is the common language of same valley. People of different languages, dialects used Assamese as the medium of communication with others in Brahmputra valley; many even officially accepted it as their mother tongue. Ahom having their own tribal dialect now speak and used Assamese as their mother tongue. Similarly Muslims of Bengali origin officially used Assamese as their mother tongue; though in their homes speak different Bengali dialects. The reason of Bengali Muslim accepting Assmese is largely because of political compulsion and security.Muslims Relation: Islam starts its journey in India almost from 8th century A.D. Merchants, Sufis and political adventurers basically made it to spread Islam throughout India. Sufis can be called the torchbearers of Islam in India. Moinuddin Chisti, the famous Indian Sufi settled at Ajmer by the end of eleventh century. The Arab merchants, however, brought Islam to the coast of Kerala in 7th century, and by that time a large Muslim society got developed in Malabar.. Similarly the Arab and Persian merchants visited coastal areas of Bengal, places like Chittagong much before the political conquest of northern India by the Turks. According to historians, during pre Turkish period, Sufis and merchants had entered Bengal in many occasions for preaching and trading purposes. Persian and Arab merchants even established important colonies in the contemporary towns of Bengal for commercial and maritime contact much before its conquest by the Muslim forces of Turkish origin (1205-6 A.D). History of Bengal is important for writing a history of Assam because Bengal and Assam being two land bordering states influenced each other’s society and polity for a long period of times. During many times the frontiers of Assam extended into Bengal, similarly the frontier of Bengal penetrated into Assam. Kamrup the old name of Assam was not unknown to Arabs. We find references of the word Kamrud in various accounts of Arab geographers and writers, which discussed trade relationship of Arab with Kamrud. Arab geographerAl Idris mentioned about the import of aloe wood from Kamrud.The word Kamrud is the arabisation of the name Kamrup. The trade relationship of Arabs, tends to believe that Arab Muslims while trading with the coastal Bengal might visited Assam, as latter was well-known to them. We know from Minhajuddin, author of Tabaqat e Nasiri that Muslim traders were frequent to Navadip, the capital of Bengal. So, the people of Lucknawti misunderstood Bakhtiyar Khilji and his small number of soldiers, as Arab horse traders because Arab horse traders were regular to Bengal. Similarly we find evidences of Muslim settlements in Sylhet, which was also known as Khanda Kamrupa before its political conquest by Muslims (1303). It is not confirmed whether thoseGeography: Assam is located in the north east corner of India between the latitudes 28°18´and 24° N, and the longitudes 89°46´-97 E. It covered an area of 78.523 square Kilometers. Assam denote in this study contemporary Assam. However in some cases reference of Syllhet, a district of colonial Assam is imperative. Because the present district of Karimganj has been a part of Syllhet throughout its history. It has the sane society, culture as that of Syllhet. When in 1947 Sylhet was declared a part of Pakistan, Karimganj subdivision was retained with India.
The territory of Ahoms is called Asham in Ain-e-Akbari and Asam in Padshahnaamaa. The same word is applied by, Francis Hamilton in his account on Assam compiled during 1807-8. Assam is apparently the English form of Asam. Again, there are differences of opinion among historians on the origin of the word Asham. According to one group of historian Mughal called Brahmputra Valley in the name Asham, as the land is uneven or peerless and in Sanskrit Asham means uneven. The second opinion is that Ashamoriginated from the word Tai-Ahom, the ruling dynasty of mainly upper Assam. Shihabuddin Talish the noted historian of the Mughal governor of Bangla subah Mirjumla, in his account Fatihat I Ibriyatreferred Asham as, the territory beyond Hajo and Kamrup Sarkar of Mughal Empire. So the term originally been applied to the tract of the country ruled by the Ahom, subsequently used to refer the area under the control of Assam.The upper portion of Barak valley is known as Kachar. According to local dialect Sylheti Bangla, Kacharmeans a stretch of land on the foot of mountains. While the lower portion of the valley comprises undivided Sylhet district which included present Karimganj district of Assam. The picturesque valley of Barak is the natural extension of vast Bengal plain. According to Nihar Ranjan Roy, author of Bangalir Ithihas, Barak and Surma valley is the extension of Meghana valley. There is no natural boundary between these two valleys. That is why the society and culture of East Maimansingh, Plain Tripura is well tied with Sylhet and Kachar that there is no difference exist between the two. It was included in various Kingdoms that had emerged during prehistoric and early historic period like Gauda, Samatata and with the Aryanisation it include as Pratyant. During 6th and 7th century this land became part of Kamrup and later in early medieval period an independent state of Harikala emerged.

Friday, January 7, 2011

UNEMPLOYED PROBLEMS OF ASSAM AND SOME REMEDIAL MEASURES

Unemployment in one such mighty problem put the future sizeable group of educated as well as uneducated youth of country in the dark. Limited number of 'white colour jobs' has failed to meet up tthe demand created in the job market. The severity of this problem is on the increase. It has become the problem like uncured disease and our economic expert are diagnosing to case the problem in different angles during the past plan period and programme. So materialised perhaps failed to achieve any desired result. Now it has become a challenging national problem bringing acute measeries to the society, individual family and particularly to the job seekers.
When a human body is seriously affected by different types of disease consciously or unconsciously its registance powerdecreases. Physiciary may treat the body seriously but result achieved may not be worthwhile. Likewise our major problem of unemployment has been cropped up as a national disease. Which cannot be cured overnight with a magic stic. If we take a overall statistics of our state, more than 20(Twenty) lacs of registered unemployed youths are seeking different types of jobs in the state at present. Different political parties forming the government in Assam in past and at presentand implemented various planning and programmes in the state but could not take sincere attitude towards easing the problems during the last two decades of generation of employment out of Industry, Agriculture or forestry etc. Crores of rupees were spent on planning programme but the result achieved are very poor.
It is experienced from the employment service the registered job seekers shows that more than 85% of the live registered are catagorized as "White colour" and unskilled job seekers and the remaining are from Engineering, Medical, Teaching and others. In this regard our state Govt. is not at all a successful policy maker to mobilize, except a very small portion of job seekers to be absorbed in the self-employment scheme through states own finance.
Naturally, now questions arise out of these situations how can all those people be engaged in such an economic backward state like Assam? Such a magitude problem arising due to various reasons can not be solved in a magic way. But it is believed if our Govt. extents its sincere attitude towards easing the problem in a planned and partial manner with an advisory body considering some experts fom all the brances like Agriculture, Veterinary, Fishery, Forestry Oil and Natural Scientist etc. with their valuable advice, Govt. can successfully face the problem of the job seekers.
The state of Assam has vast Agriculture lands, Forests, Oil & Natural gas,Coal and so many water resources. Our main hindrances to develop the rural economy of the state having poor communication to the rural areas, shortage of well stablished markets for selling of any Industrial or Agricultural products, absence of any training facilities to the job seekers. Naturally, questions arises how to proceed where to proceed to bring enermous success in the field of unemployment for placing huge number of different job seekers to earn their livelihood.
Inthe remedial measures, time has arive to study the qualities and nature of job seekers. It is time that the educated unemployed youth of our state is yet to proved their intectuality like others state. In national level recruitment like I.A.S., I.P.S, I.R.S., I.F.S., I.E.S. etc the percentage of success of our badly suffering. The job seekers are badly suffering from lack of confidence and decieved by the corrupted machineries and political leaders of the state. It become essential to Introduce the syllabus for development of personality confidence of the school going children. From school onwards each and every students are as partially aware of the "Jobs less future" which create depression among them after completion of their education. Due to job less situation the educated youths are losing their self confidence, personality, respect to the government and competitive attitude. However Govt. has initiated soe measures but not and enough at all the Employment Exchange by deputed the officers to visit the school the colleges for development of personality to sit in the various competitive examinations. In spite of these, Govt. should compulsory introduce a subject in the school and college level.
"Self Employment" is the best option as means of respectable living. A self employed person is a matter of his or her own self. The Govt. of Assam as well as the Central Govt. has launched several self employment programmes throughout the Century which are not come out cent percent success.
(i) The Bureacrautic produces for selection of beneficiaries disrupted the aims and objects of the scheme. It should be made a little frequent in case of various employment schemes.
(ii) Scheme are become failure due to proper initiative are not taken for the remote and backward areas. As a result the backward areas remain as it is.
(iii) Govt. should take steps initial to stablish agricultural based industries for which the unemployed youths may be motivated to agricultured works.
(iv) Arrangement sholud be made by the concerned department of supply raw materials at no profit, no loss prices & help the growers top market to finish products at normal price.
These are some of the ways and means which can improve the problems for large no. of job seekers of Assam roaming here and there with frustration.

Thursday, January 6, 2011

Edu-Cultural Condition of our MIA Society in Assam

It is known to all and accepted by all that education is the instrument of social change and development. According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the progress of a society is determined by education. Three obstacles that stand in the way of progress are ignorance, diseases and property. Of these major obstacle is ignorance. If the ignorance is removed from the men’s mind s their poverty will diminish and the disease will be eliminated. The history of civilization shows that the progressive philosophy-the scientific point of view, the realistic and positive out look and the aesthetic sense are basic factors for individual and social progress. Here the finding of an anthropological research can be added. This research had found out that the amount of sex control is positively correlated with the development of a race. It means that the more amount of sex controlled the more is the development of a race. The progress of AmericaJapanEngland and other advanced countries is due to their progressive philosophy. They could link their philosophy with economic growth. Now a day, it is observed that many people are following this path and their advancement is on the progress. But those who are unable to and unwilling to accept this path is bound to be down trodden.

It is difficult but important to achieve all the factors behind the progress and advancement. There are the great gifts of education-time fitting quality education. The quality education has been considered as the key factor of all-round and balanced development of an individual as well as the society, The quality education refers to that education which can produce the quality people having high degree of goodness, worth and excellence. Quality depends on how and how much knowledge and information an individual acquires, belief and attitude towards the knowledge he develops and habit of doing or work culture he imbibes. These are the three Pillars of personality which are related to truth, goodness and beauty truth in knowledge and information, goodness of feeling and attitude, and beauty in doing or behaviour.
Thus the quality in the achievement of an individual’s education is required to be reflected in his behaviour or personality, in his thought and feeling. The external and superficial flourishment of the periphery is not the purpose of education. Through education we are to open our eyes to see the things as they are not as we are and to loosen our tongue to speak what is right and just-what is real and reasonable. It is in this way, one’s behaviour is shadowed by the beauty and gradually it covers the whole sky of the society.
Culture is closely related with education. It is rightly said that the cultivation of land is agriculture and the cultivation of mind is culture. Through education mind is cultivated. The cultural development of a society largely depends on quality education and progressive outlook. Again social enlightenment and advancement depend on edu-cultural condition of the society. A society or a community living without changing and developing culture is an ugly spectacle of the modern society. The culture is the way of living. It enriches the dry skeleton of our individual and social life with flesh and blood and makes it colourful and beautiful. It improves the taste and temperament, aesthetic and ethical quality of people. Above all, culture is the identity of a community through which it introduces itself to others.

DUTIES OF TEACHERS AND GUARDIANS TO ADOLESCENCE STUDENTS

Adolescence is the period of repid growth physical and mental development between childhood and adulthood. The period of adolescence between 8-9 years for boys and 8-18 years for girls. Appearence of secondary exernal signs of sexual inaturatation to complete sexual maturity.
Adolescence period of a student between 14 to 18 years is very important. It is the time of carrier making with good performance in examination. It is also the time of character forming age. But adolescence age is marked by abrutly physical growth, development of reproductive organ and too much secretion neuro endocrine glands.
In the adolescence peroid students mind become frequent shifts of mood. They want to do every function by emotionally because of too much productions of hormones including six hormones in the body. This come at a time of preoccupation with self assertian, mind development in self identity, self steem and self respect. A possitive and accurate understanding of self in reaction to peer groups in school and rest of the world in important for social adjustment particularly under the conditions of stress and conflicts. Moral rreasoning developes in adolescence, regarding of their culture and their religious background. It is the time of attraction to opposite sex. So, teachers including guardians should care to their students and ward. The life of some talent student may also spoil for the very sensitive period of adolescence.
There arises some common problem in adolescence period of age. Acne is the main problem in this period both boys and girls. In one side, the students of adeloscence become sensitive to beautiness and in other side, acne makes them ugly. So, they begin to think the cause to relieve from acne and use various types of cream without the docters prescription. That infects the skin dangerously. Acne occurs from clogged pores of skin due to side effects of sex hormones. So, teachers should help to understand the actual cause of acne.
In case under develop students, there arises a problem of psychosomatic, called HYPOCHONDRA. Because they inter adeloscence lately. In the adeloscene period, socia; awakwardness arises in the mind of the students and they begin to gregariomnsess. It is the opposite nature of lonelyness in the adeloscence period. So, sometimes students may creat a critical circumstances due to too much friend collection because it is not easy to select a proper friend for the dangerous age. So, guardian should be always alert to their wards.
In adeloscence period both boys and girls start to consciousness to their body weight. They want to keep their body slim for which they takes less food. As a growth stage they should take more food because it is the time to eat nutrient food. As a result of taking less food, students suffer from deficiency disease. Sometime again some students of this age eat too much or fast food and become fatty.
Neurasthenia is adolescence symptom in case of some adult young. The special characterstic of neurathenia is in ability of concentration to study or enjoying. Neurathenia may lead the students to fatigues depression and head ache. So, the teachers and guardians consciousness is very necessary to remedy the problems.
Another problem arises in case of adeloscence students is phobias. Phobia is a psychological disease. In this case doctors advice or treatment is verry necessary. Adiction to alcohol, drugs, tobacco, smoking, chewing and rap are also verious types of adeloscence disorder.Blue film watching, frustration in schools result, infurity complex, depression, physical and mental deflections are the main cause to these problems. Blue film watching of adeloscence students attract to rap and robberydeloscence age become fashionable. Their concentration goes to dressess and style except study. Now a days mobile fashion also a harmfull factor to adeloscence. They talk unnecessary subject matter and spoil time and money. After all students fail to handle mobiles in proper manner.
Adeloscence is the formative period of both physical and psychological health and is the preparatory phase of a student to his future life. That means students future life depends upon this period. In this period, students want to identity themself in the wide world.They think that is right, others thinking are wrong. Moreover it is the time of a student to transformation psychological and behaviour habits. From this period students aquire from the family and society higher levels moral standings.
Thus healthy adeloscence of a student depend upon teachers and guardians co-operation. So, every teacher and guardians should notice his adeloscence students or ward.
 

Wednesday, January 5, 2011

Erosion Havoc of the Brahmaputra


The Brahmaputra which is flowing East to West through the plains of Assam is one of the mightiest rivers of the world. Meandering through the plains it creats innumerable 'Chars' perticularly in its lower part in the district of Kamrup, Nalbari, Barpeta,Bongaigaon, Goalpara and Dhubri. There are a large no.'Chars'of while most of them are temporary, some are permanent also. These are the abode of the Muslims peasants who struggle persistently with the fury of nature. At the same time they have also to constantly face the problem of large-scale erosion of the Brahmaputra. Erosion usually takes place when water of the Brahmaputra recedes during the month of Octobor andNovember. The fury of the Brahaputra particularly when it erodes its bank can not be understood well if one does not see it personally. Erosion washes away mercilessly standing crops, houses, valuable trees and sometime domestic live stock like cows, buffalos, goats, sheeps etc.
The ersion havoc of the Brahmaputra has become more devastating in scale perticularly after the great earthquake of 1950. A part of Dibrugarh town(Assam) was washed away in 1950 by erosion . In 1954, Palashbari a commercial place of Assam was completely washed away. Between 1950-1964, part of Goalpara town was sub-merged in the Brahmaputra due to erosion. Similarly erosion effected Dhubri town also. But the scale of devastation was much more in the rural areas than in the town areas because in case of the latter some measures are taken by the Govt. to control erosion. However no such measure is taken in the case of village. The data computed during the period 1964 and 1969, revealed that on an average 253 villages and 8091 hectares of farmland are being washed away by the Brahmaputra.
After independence, erosion completely washed way several thousand villages of the Brahmaputra banks from 'Sadia to Sukchar'. The majuli the largest river island of the world is severaly affected by erosion. Between 1950 and 1988 a large no. of villages of Kamrup, Nalbari and Barpeta district were under erosion. Barpeta is one of the worst affected districts of Assam by erosion. Although official reports are not available, it has been unofficially assesed that from Hajo to Moinbori in the district of barpeta 150 villages have been completely washed away and many villages were partially washed away. In the district Barpeta the area from the villege Chanpur, Kalampur, Sonapur, Alipur, Rosulpur, Roumari, Chenimari, Chenglidia, Balidhari and many villages are completely under Brahmaputra Now. In 1959, the Tarabari market was completely by erosion. The villages to the west and south of Tarabari were completely washed away. The no. affected people would be not less than 2 lakhs.     

Edu-Cultural Condition of our Society

It is known to all and accepted by all that education is the instrument of social change and development. According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the progress of a society is determined by education. Three obstacles that stand in the way of progress are ignorance, diseases and property. Of these major obstacle is ignorance. If the ignorance is removed from the men’s mind s their poverty will diminish and the disease will be eliminated. The history of civilization shows that the progressive philosophy-the scientific point of view, the realistic and positive out look and the aesthetic sense are basic factors for individual and social progress. Here the finding of an anthropological research can be added. This research had found out that the amount of sex control is positively correlated with the development of a race. It means that the more amount of sex controlled the more is the development of a race. The progress of America, Japan, England and other advanced countries is due to their progressive philosophy. They could link their philosophy with economic growth. Now a day, it is observed that many people are following this path and their advancement is on the progress. But those who are unable to and unwilling to accept this path is bound to be down trodden.
It is difficult but important to achieve all the factors behind the                                                                                                                    progress and advancement. There are the great gifts of education-time fitting quality education.                    The quality education has been considered as the key factor of all-round and balanced development of an individual as well as the society, The quality education refers to that education which can produce the quality people having high degree of goodness, worth and excellence. Quality depends on how and how much knowledge and information an individual acquires, belief and attitude towards the knowledge he develops and habit of doing or work culture he imbibes. These are the three Pillars of personality which are related to truth, goodness and beauty truth in knowledge and information, goodness of feeling and attitude, and beauty in doing or behaviour.
Thus the quality in the achievement of an individual’s education is required to be reflected in his behaviour or personality, in his thought and feeling. The external and superficial flourishment of the periphery is not the purpose of education. Through education we are to open our eyes to see the things as they are not as we are and to loosen our tongue to speak what is right and just-what is real and reasonable. It is in this way, one’s behaviour is shadowed by the beauty and gradually it covers the whole sky of the society.
Culture is closely related with education. It is rightly said that the cultivation of land is agriculture and the cultivation of mind is culture. Through education mind is cultivated. The cultural development of a society largely depends on quality education and progressive outlook. Again social enlightenment and advancement depend on edu-cultural condition of the society. A society or a community living without changing and developing culture is an ugly spectacle of the modern society. The culture is the way of living. It enriches the dry skeleton of our individual and social life with flesh and blood and makes it colourful and beautiful. It improves the taste and temperament, aesthetic and ethical quality of people. Above all, culture is the identity of a community through which it introduces itself to others.

Monday, January 3, 2011

Peace and Pleasure of Mia Community in Assam


The word MIA means Muslims in Assam, but some body want to say that MIA means Muslim immigrants in Assam. How can be these man Immigrant? They had come to Assam when the Assam government proposed them to come from Bangladesh to Assam, When Assam was a vast state including Bangladesh named Pragjyotishpur, because Assam was not a fit place for live for the all men , but it was possible for them who were similized with its climate. In ancient time Mughals describes as delails" Poisonous climate and weather flows in Assam and it is not a appropriate place to live" and they back to their territory from fighting against the Ahom(The king of then). So why we had come to Assam? Certainly for good of Assam and Assamese nation, secondly when we had come to Assam, was Assam a another state or a combine state? They would to answer, It was a combine state belonging with west Bengal, Assam and Bangladesh( Now). When we had come to Assam, Assam was filled with different type of forestry tree, where only the wild animals and beasts were lived. We cleaned forests and created Assam( lower Part) fit for live and started to live west side( Lower Part) of Assam, we may demand that we are also a part to create the Assamese nation. So if anybody think for the past days they should to say that MIA's are not our foe they are our brother who helped us to made vast Assamese nation. Moreover, Ajan Phakir a saint of Muslims who gave a good advantage to form Assamese nation before the India was independend. Late Kalu khan, Kaddus Khan were the star who fought against the British Government. We are the East Bengal rooted people called Mia Living in Assam before the India was divided. But our fore father had come here directly sponsored by the Government Of Assam (then).Assam was a single state of India in Interior North East.There were few people to cultivate there land .so the Government (then) patronized our fore father to come Assam from East Bengal (then).We are the fourth or fifth generation of our Mia community in Assam. we have accepted all the culture of Assam but unfortunately we are till date lebellized as illegal immigrant, Bangladeshi, many other surname. We the poor people has no time to think about other things except food,shelter and cloth.Few people of Mia community has over come the life struggle and they have established in society as a human being.We the people (50%) are living with out food and shelter till date .Why ? What is the cause? The cause is that erosion of Brahmaputra is the main cause. For the cause of erosion the need to go to town like, Guwahati, Delhi, Chennai, Calcutta, Jammu Kashmir and so on only for their food, shelter and cloth. How can these people think about their education a luxury life and Civilization?Now let’s have a glance on the edu-cultural condition of our society. Now a days there are lots of educated people in our society but the impact of education on our cultural condition is very faint. It is because; the majority of people living in the remote and backward villages are poor and poorly educated. They are mainly concerned with the basic need of life. Their all might have and wits are exhausted in the struggle of meeting up the basic need of subsistence. If the basic need like the need of food, clothing and shelter is not satisfied, how one can move further to satisfy other of higher grade like safety need, need of self-esteem, intellectual achievement need, aesthetic or cultural need etc. Moreover, the traditional orthodox belief and attitude are still prevailing in the society as the dominating force standing in the way of cultural and intellectual development.

Creator of Violence and the Peace worthy

There are various types of man in this world. Somebody likes to say about something, Some body likes to Play somebody likes to comic discussion, and somebody likes to give inspiration to do bad works. Every one have own ideology and they does his works according to his choice. But I am going to say about a man who is differ from the all types of man, Who is the man? He is the man who likes to be a cause of Violence to the other to limiting the definition of violence to "illegal behaviors" that cause harm or injury is consistent with legal guidelines. Such a definition is useful from a policy and control perspective because it covers actions generally considered as violent, including forcible rape, armed robbery, aggravated assault, gang violence, and homicide. A problem with this definition is that the same behavior may be judged illegal or legitimate depending on specific cultural and historical conditions. From this perspective, a behavior would only be considered violent if there were official sanctions against it.
Some definitions of violence include only behavior that is designed to harm others (or animate beings). This focus emphasizes the antisocial and immoral nature of violence as an act against others and society. It is consistent with most contemporary criminal definitions of violence. However, it excludes the self as a target of harm and injury, which is inconsistent with public health definitions of violence that generally include harm to self. Other definitions construe the target even more broadly, extending it to include inanimate objects.
Humanity arrives together at the beginning of this new millennium in an age where the knowledge of weapons of mass destruction is but a click away. And we live in a world where terrorism is viewed by some as a legitimate response to the perceived economic and cultural assaults they face. Everyone... every women, every man... all people of all faiths and all races must find a way to embrace each other's differences, and search for compromise and a way to co-exist. The alternative is an unthinkable future for our children..

Saturday, January 1, 2011

Present Scenerio of Academic Environment and Interior Places In India


 Academic environment at present has witnessed degredation and deterioration to a certain extend. There has been considerable discussion and debate on the academic environment by academicians and educationists in perticular and concerned citizens in general. Needless to mention that it is of utmost importance for effestive teaching-learning process of any eductional system. As such academic environment has close link with educational development of the students and a good academic environment is the result of joint efford by the students, teachers, guardians and the government.
It has been observed that due to many inter-related factors there has been a lack of healthy academic environment at present as a result our students have not been able to exploit their potential human qualities to the satiesfactory extend. So it is extremely necessary to identify the various reasons and relevant factors behind this degredation and find out the remedies of it.
The task of finding out the chief agent or party responsible for such degredation is realy difficult and complex. No single factors can be held solely responsible for this degredation which is cumulative consequence of a multiplicity of factors that are inter-related to each other. It sometimes happens that either the teachers or the students are blamed for such degredation. But the fact is that the proper maintenance of good and sound academic environment largely depends on the overall social environment and and the policy formation and implementation of the government in power from time to time. Of course, it may be stated that a section of teachers suffer from erosion of image and discipline which is also common among a section of students. It is the students who are the main target of our education system for whom huge expenditure is incurred from public exchequer but a sizeable number of students remain far from achieving their respective goals. Many students do not show interest and curiosity in attending classes and do not keep close contact with teachers and are found to be addicted bad habits which are vary much detrimental to their physical and mental health and in the long run resulting in the development of frustration among them. The present gloomy unemployment scenerio of the slate has increased the overall depression of students as employment opportunities are shrinking both in public and private sectors. The unemployment problem itself is the result of our present defective education system as the education system has nat been able to keep up with changing need, requirement and job opportunities. Even the best creams of the present educational set up have not been able to stablish in the preent society. Some students merely attend schools or colleges due to family pressure or a custm, they lack zeal enthusiaism most esential for learning.
Another important factor is the inherant poverty among a large section of guardians who can not provide their wards with necessary facilities for continuation of studies. The cost of education on the other hand is increasing day by day and government scholarship is limited. Besides there is wide gap between the facilities by the urban students and those enjoyed by rural students. While a section of students are seem to be carrying vary costly mobile handsets etc, their counterparts from rural and reverine areas even do not have the basic necessities for subsistance.
Again the evil consequences of the misuse of the television, cinema etc. have a negetive impact on the students as well as the academic environment. The propagation of western culture through the electronic media has generated a meterialistic out look and consumerist philosophy among the younger generation of the society which has its impact on the life-style of the students. As a result the traditional harmonious and respectful relationship between the teachers and taught has been disrupted. The teachers are gradually losing their authority over the students for various reasons such as lack of strong personality among a section of teachers, political interference in some appointment , transfer etc. Further, the absence of moral education particularlyat the school stage has far-teaching effect on various aspects of social life.
Besides ther are some other relevant factors for the degredation of academic environment such as appointment of teachers are not always on merit, no appropriate step for solution of problems of teachers, delay in filling of vacant posts, inadequate supervision and review of educational system under regular interval, non-avalability of text books in time, insufficient financial grant for co-curricular activities and other academic programes, administrative laxity etc.
Thus the academic degredation is the result of various inter-related causes. However, there is utmost need to improve the present scenerio of degraded academic environment and following measures may be considered.
Teaching-learning process is a continuous one and so teachers training is invariably needed with the changing situation so that they can play effective role as best guide to students by identifying the strength and weakness of students.
There is the need of introduction of entrepreneurship education in present education system in order that the students become able to mould a strong mind to be self-employed if necessary and thus lead them to be free from present dreadful situation of educated unemployment.
The introduction of moral education is equally important from the very beginning stage of students life which may mitigate many of the ills of educational environment and for which the role of guardians and teachers is more important.
Government must ensure the maintenance of the appropriate method for the selection of teachers strictly on the basis of merit instead of some other considerations. This will make the teachers to render better services to the students in real sense.
There is the need of involvement of students in co-curricular activities for fullest development of their personality. Besides, availability of books and journals in time, well-equipped buildings, effective supervision by compent authority etc. are some important ingredients of healthy academic environment. Also there is utmost need of increasing the number of classes during the academic session and other academic programmes should be arranged so that participation of students can be made more effective.
However, a strong zeal for learning is necessary to be ingrained in the minds of students which can be made possible only when the effortof heads of institutions, teachers, educationists, conscious guardians with positive outlook will go a long way in improving the degraded scenerio of educational environment. Moreover, the state authority of modern welfare concept must adopt certain practical measures in appropriate direction to creat a healthy academic ambience where every student can utilize their best talent according to their capacity. In fact, it is also the responsibility of civil society to provide a free, fair and favourable social environment will foster to suit the talents of the young learners. Besides, the development of human qualities our education system must be able to provide economic security to students. This may lessen the present chaos and disorder and thus help to maintain a favourable academic environment. Howover a collective effort of all concerned with educatinal set up must play their respective role with high degree of responsibility for maintenance of a good academic environment. 

Flood and its effect In Assam Based interior North East India

What is flood and how this occur:-
As like as the other calamities, Flood is the most devastating natural calamity that effects Assam every year. Brahmaputra and Barak are the majore rivers in Assam, River Brahmaputra flows through the Brahmaputra valley length 720 kms (over 35 tributeries) And river Barak flows through the Barak valley (over 7 tributeries) which causes the devastating flood claiming damages to public property, living being and environment. Assam is sorrounded by Hills on the almost all sides, what is the primary reason behind the regularbfloods in the state. Howover, Flood in Assam is caused by a combination of several natural and anthropogenic factores. In the month May to September rainfalls in Assam heavy. Moreover, the catchment areas are much higher which fueled the flood dangerously. Experts have identified various factor that creat conditions conductive to floods. To be specific, we can pinpoint several causes:-
Brahmaputra is a big river of Assam and all valleys of Assam consists of friable rock and siltyearth. . These sediments raise the bottom of rivers and thus, 'geological process' canot be stopped and causes an important factors of flood.
Destruction of wetlands and filling-up of the natural catchment areas have also added to the fury of floods. Unscientific land treatment along with unplanned development scheme in the natural catchment drainage and causing soil erosion, closedthe drainage system.
Human occupation on the flood plains, railway embankments, unplanned roads road -all these anthropogenic activities also contribute to the worsening flood scenario. 
Effects of flood in Assam :-
The effects of flood are diverse and manifold which effects on land , roads, and others eans of communication, water, forests, wildlife, beels, agriculture livestock and all these leading to diverse effects on biodiversity, ecology and environment. Of course, the frequency of flood having various in various years-causes varried effects and degree of damages also various. As the example in 1988 the annual lose due to flood was 663.88 crores on the otherhand in 1989 there was no major loses due to flood. However , the main effects can be sumerised in the following ways:-
For the first we can pinpoint the effect of flood in Assam as damages to agricultural productivity. Soil erosion and degradation of land and water leads to damage of the production base, thus adversely affecting the sustainable agriculture as well as development. The 'sali pady' is planted in July/August which matured within 15th of september. If the flood does not last long then there may be hope of replanting the damaged crops with new seeds.
For the second, flood also damaged the soil-adversely in three ways- (a) Sand and silt carried by flood covers the fertile fields (b) Sudden flow of water with rapid current may also wash surface soil alongwith nutrients from the field (c)Heavy rain inthe scanty land areas thus causing soil erosio. All these, in a body, often made the field unfit for cultivation.
For the third, foods also leads to the damage of irrigation channels. The irrigation-channels in the flood prove areas either damaged or covered with soil.
For the rourth, large scale damages are seen on the live-stock and population. Heavy floods washway and kill the live-stocks such as domestic and wild animals with forests. Several live-stock also die due to starvation during floods. Various diseases also attack these after flood. People are also affeced by floods in various ways such as washed way or attacked by diseases after flood. 
At last flood also damages bio-diversity and ecology, Sedimentation and deposition of silt and sand affects the bills, wetland, natural drainage, fish migratory birds, crops, forests, animals, air pollution resulted from deadbodies of livestocks etc. All these in a body damages the bio-diversity and harms the balanced ecology. Moreover, flood also damaged the grazing fields and creats problems for the animals just after the flood. In this context we can reflect on the recent past flood of 2004, which affected about 1 crore 22 lakhs people who lost their houses and crops for nex six months causing death of 251 people. This flood also caused destruction of roads, agriculture, forests, live-stocks etc. 

Teacher Education scenerio in Assam: A brief note from Zahangir Khan

Education is a decisive and a complex activity. Teacher education is perhaps more decisive and complex because it calls forth a series of promises to be fulfilled and poignancy to be translated in action well planned in and through contemplation. What one indeed expects from teacher education at the very outset is: Is it prepared from diverse and different perspectives of training and education of pre-service and in service teachers? At the same time it is equipped with realy qualified and devoted teacher educators who are in a very sound position of discharging their duties and responsibilities in boosting teacher preparation and teacher competency..Admittedly, as are the teachers so are institutions. An institution may have a very adequate and enviable infrastructure: buildings, playground, classroom, libraries and other facilities; but if there is an absence of minimum number of efficient, qualified, hard working devoted and sincere teachers, the whole purpose of education and teaching is terribly defeated. As there are lots of individual differences as well as similarities amongst learners in an academic institution from the psychological points of view. A good teacher knows how to deal with this heterogeneous class room climate. Necessarily, he/she is expected to stick to the golden principle of individualizing the instruction and teaching in judicious concurrence with and devotion to socializing the learners as best as possible. The greatest challenge of teacher education today is how to orient and train our teachers so that they may be justified to teaching or a grant unison of individualization without sacrificing quality and excellence in teaching learning under any circumstances whatsoever.
"The revelation of perfect child" as Rabindranath Tagore reminds us in his civilisation and progress, in order to creat the right atmosphere of joy freedom and creativity is the primary and mandatory need of the hour. Thinking, feeling, involving, having and loving are the five genuine and penetrating pointers and advancement in quality teaching. A radacal paradigmshift in teacher educationkeeping in view spontaneity, happyness, introspection and adventure in quest of the unknown and untraced, unearthed and undiscovered very transparent in vibrant, conjoint andteaching learning can no longer be stifled and relegated to the background by stuffing the learner with lifeless information and substandard dradgeries of details.
At the same time, teacher education is now at the critical juncture of eliminating excessive depends on memory-banks and crude craziness with computer fallouts. Let passivity in learning be eliminated and substantially replace by the fine tunings in teacher education that cares for sense and sensibilities, aesthetics and in-depth queries. Education is not a physical thing that can be delivered through post. Fertile the robust education is always created, rooted on physical and cultural soil of the child and nourished through interaction with parents, teachers, fellow students and community. The role and dignity of teachers in this function must be strengthened and underlined. There is mutuality in genuine construction of knowledge. In this transaction the teacher also learns if the child is not forced to remain passive. Since children really perceive and observe more than grownups, their potential role as knowledge creatores needs to be appreciated.
Admittedly, teacher education in the twenty first century looks forward to revamping in seven fold direction:(i)mapping the vulnerable areas of quality in teaching (ii) Restructuring the curriculum for school education (iii) revisiting and improving text-books and teaching learning materials (iv) individualising instruction for all round efflorescence of pupil-personality. (v) sensitizing the opposite approach for strengthening and mobilising social and aesthetic value (vi) caring and igniting pupils' creativity and critical thinking and (vii) exploring and fine-tuning the heartland of little learners with opposite and challenging strategies of teaching from time to time even under trying and unfavourable circumstances.
Let the teacher education be all the time spear headed by the education of nearness cordeality and sympathy for the learners under countless constraints in particular.
Pre-service teacher educaion holds a very prominent place in the area of education in general and teacher education in particular. That all education is pre-service education gives a very wrong signal in teacher education. It averts and, to a great extent, negates the very aims and objectives of teaching as a profession because it allows stagnation for the whole period of unemployment or the absence of recruitment and involvement in the profession of teaching.
Teacher education for in service teacher at the different stages of school education necessitates a fresh and through over-hauling. For this purpose the following points may be considered:
(i) Elimination of poverty in contant mastery and appropriate exercise thereof.
(ii) Regular systematic orientation in methods of teaching.
(iii) Exchange programmes for teacher with a view to ensuring quality and excellence in vulnerable institutions.
(iv) Special programme for proficiency in teaching for aesthetic and creative efflorescence.
(v) Pckage programme for teachers dealing with crucial and priority based issues and ideas on national and society solidarity.
(vi) Involement of teachers in scissoring heavy loads of learning and teaching.
(vii) Departure and dissociation from the existing pattern of training of pre-service and inservice teachers together as it calls forth constraints in desirable maintenance of quality and balance in teaching besides inviting unavoidable complex and delicacies.
(viii)fostering the spirit of improving the quality of teaching through igniting the importance of life long learning by appropriately manipulating the skills well formulated in terms of self-study and self experiments.
(ix) Steering the teachers attention towards right ideas, right concepts, right interpretation, right comprehension and right strategies whatsoever insignificant or marginal these might appear.
(x) The padagogic delebarations ought to be in perfect tune with learners abilities, proneness and contextual appeal in addition to the teachers 'own' models of imparting instruction well scanned under training schedule of acticities in diverse socio-cultural climate.
For the very dependable and sound programme of professional enrichment of teachers, the first andand formost ideas target area is to be well trained in how to learn the motivation maps and spurts of students and decide introducing teaching strategies accordingly. The end view therefore, is to launch vigorous and sustained teacher education progrmmes for committed and proficient teachers with all-encompassing evidence of enlivening competency and assured ascent of progress in different dimensions.
The teacher education for in service teachers poses an unphill task of evolutionary, diversifying and extending living visions of education for the enlightened all care should be taken to maintain a healthy climate of co-ordantion among the diferent stokeholders of training teachers education viz mossinary and private institution open universities and university department of education including advanced study centres in education and colleges under universities.

Corruption and Youth Culture today in India

Since ancient times, the development in all spheres of life has been possible because of man's curiosity and eagerness to learn. This resulted in inducement towards knowledge, and also, man became concious of his duty to impart this knowledge to the coming generations. That is why, for directing, guiding and reshaping the innate potentials in an individual for the process of growth of society and exploring what is within, education came into existence. Education a system on one hand and process on the other, is for life and not only for livelihood. Education is fundamental to idealism and the human mind generates experiences in the process and leads the mind to greater maturity and perfection. It stresses or burnout on the dignity of human personality.
We are about to enter a new era. India has passed through a critical period with many ups and downs. There is no denying the fact that India has made remarkable progress in the sphere of education. Yet we have a long way to go, standard of education of the country is not at par with the expected and laid down norms. It is mostly sterotyped, with less emphasis on understanding and comprehension of students, and lack of infrastructure like efficient teaching staff, building, equipments, library are some of the factores leading to falling standard of Education.
Today's education system is emphasizing more on gaining good marks, Good jobs, lteracy and subjective knowledge. Education has become more of a theoretical process where ethics, manners, values, behaviours, cultures, corruptions, globalization etc are ignored to a greater extent. In other words, it has restricted itself to classrooms, and has intensified the commercialization of education leaving fundamental solution of various issues related to life. It is hoped that the educational practice during 21st century would be in the proper line if the follwing means have been adopted:
1. Youth culture today.
2. Corruption in any form must be severely dealt with.
Youth: a symbol of enthusiasm, vigour and power. Youths have always revolutionized the world. Youths are the biggest assets and backbone of any nation building.
In India, the era of social reforms that started during the 2nd half of 19th century was marketed by the efficient leadership of the youth. Raja Ram Mohan Rai, the father of Indian renaissance, faught against the social and religious evils that prevailed in the society at that time.
Swami Vivekananda recognized the potential of Indian youth and he asked the young men of Indian to be fearless and work for the glory of the country. Today the youths have become selfish, concerned with themselves and do not have any respect for the ideas which were follwed by our forefathers. It seems that the Indians have become the slaves of a borrowed culture. If the Indian youth really want the peace of mind they will have to come out of this slavery.
Today youths have become the puppets in the hands of mean politician. Politicians engage them in anti-nation and anti-social activities in the name of politics. This type of politics has produced characterless, corrupted and criminal politicians. Today the youths are caught in the web of illusions. Every time we find them over-ambitious and confused. They try to embrace more than they can hold and strive more than can quit, today they are on the cross-road an do not know in which direction they should go. Gossiping and going to movies has become their favourite activity. Most of the youths today are not ready to face the reality and try to avoid the challanges the life. What has gone wrong ? Should we keep the blaming youth for each and every fault? Youths are not responsible for this. To identify and analyze their problems, first of all we have to see that the degree of social control has significantly reduced in modern times. In the past there used to be a system of joint families and the youth had respect for their elders which ensured effective social control. But now a days the trend of nuclear families is increasing, wherein the parents have no time for their children, as in most cases both parents are employed. Parent think that by satisfying the monetary needs of children, their resposibility is transferred to the educational institutions. But it is the bitter fact that teachers do not show any concern towards the youth. In the past teaching was considered as sacred profession and teachers were considered to be the builders of nation. But today the whole scenerio has changed. Teachers have forgotten their responsibilities. Today they adopt teaching profession just to make money. Not only teachers and parents but also the government policies are responsible for frustration among the youth. In India, educated is not job oriened. The number of educational unemployed has considerably inceased during the last decade. We can sum up by quoting the words of Ruskin Bond " Considered what heavy responsibilities lies upon you in your youth, to determine among realities. By what you will be delighted and among imagination, by whose you will be led."
 Corruption: Moreover, corruption and nepotism in public life further adds to their anger. They stand in a revold against the whole system and some of them enter the world of crimes. In this way their energy could be channelized in building of a strong nation, becomes the reason of this restruction. It is shocking to note that a recent study revealed that most Indians feel that the system is beyond repair. The time has come to deal with the great seriousness deserves.
Corruption means perverson of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives with regard to honour, right or justice. this deep rooted menace in Indian society has socked into every sphere of life. Even Kautilya remarked in Artha-shastra," Just as it is impossible not to state honey or poison when it is at the tip of tongue, so it is impossible for government not to eat up a bit of revenue. And just as it can't be found whether a fish swimming through water drinks or not so also Govt.-servants can't be found out while taking money for themselves.

In India, corruptionhas quantum-jumped and today the pervasive pathology of pollution in public life spares no department of governance. In the spheres of economic, social and cultural activities, the threatening infilteration of vices has shaken the creditability of our democratic regime, social order and constitutional instrumentations.
The suffering of the common man has no bounds. An ordinary manhas to bribe to live in the society. From getting admission, to getting jobs, from getting licences, to getting death and birth certificates, common man has to suffer every time. The gravity of the problem can be adjust from the fact that one has to bribe for certifying a legal thing as right. The fact of paying for getting a wrong thing as right is at least, somewhat, understandable. The standard of morality has so fallen in the society that the corrupt ones have no sympathy for the ever suffering masses.
Corruption is a multifaceted problem and and requires a multipronged strategy can't be found to take it. India having a dubious distinction of being among the ten most corrupt nations of the world, should start by providing a comprehensive electoral reforms. Greater accountability of political parties through strict cheque up of their accounts, moral upgradation and awarness among the voters, strict punishment for violation, can prove milestones in this direction.
Judicial activism in the recent years has been trying to curb this menace. But the loopholes in the legal system render the judicial initiative futile. Moreover, section 164 of Indian Panel Code(IPC); whoseover, being a public servants abets the offence, as defined under section 162 &163, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend upto three years, or with fine or with both. At present, it looks like a mochery of law because such a meagre punishment and that too after such a long ordial process of law, is unable to deter this greatest social maladay. The authority is in the hands of parliament i.e. political will, to make the law more stringet.
The menace of corruption does not have any instant solution. It can't be wiped out by a miracle or a gimmick. It demands a sovial intervention, long struggle to cleanse the public life and of course some concrete legal and executive measures. The A.E.I.O.U (Apathy, Evasiveness, Incompetence, Obstructionism and urge) for unwarranted power combinations should be replaced by the 3Cs (Commitment, Constituency and Competency).
In essence, we have to keep in mind that no society can progress, prosper and achieve enduring success without a war against corruption in public life. We should look down upon the issue of combating corruption in the same way we look at the problem of malaria. One can deal with individual cases of corruption and punish the corrupt like dealing with individual victims of malaria. A much better solution is to see that the mosquitoes do not breed and therefore there is no malaria. In other words, if we are able to go into the root causes of what creats corruption in our system we are likely to succeed.

Literacy : Key to Development

" Education is regarded as the most critical investment in human development. It is significantly contributes to improvement in health, hygiene, demographic profile, productivity and practically all that has a bearing on the quality of life." So says the nine fifth year plane document. Our awareness not withstanding, our ranking in the annual HRD(Human Resources Development) report (our educational status in an integral part of his report) issued by the UNDP is somewhere near the rock bottom. This is indeed not surprising as our country has the largest number of illiterates in the world-a mind-bloggling 290 million adult illiterates. 
The inevitable question pops up: How is that, that even after fifty five years of independence, we are still far away from the goal of universal literacy. Why have we come to such a sorry figure ? The reasons are not far to seek. India has been investing much less than many other Asian countries in terms of educational expendoture. As a nation, not only do we spend too little to education, the efficiency of resource utilisation has also been very poor. Improper planning and poor implementation have dogged our educational system. Without mincing words, we could say that we have lacked the political will to take the right steps to secure total literacy.
Depressing literacy rates
According to cencus 2001, any one aged seven years or above, who can bothread and write with understanding in any lenguage, is treated as literate. According to the cencus 2001, the literacy rate in the coutry is 65.38 percent-75.85 percent for males and 54.16 percent for femals. Kerela comes on the top with 90.02 percent literacy. The state also occupies the premier position in both male literacy and female literacy( 94020 percent of male literacy and 8.86 percent of female literacy respectivaly). Kerela is clesely followed by Mizoram(88.49 percent ) and Lakshadweep( 87.52 percent). Bihar with a literacy rate of 47.53 percent ranks the last in the country preceded by Jgarkhand( 54.13 percent) and Jammu and Kashmir (54.46 percent). Bihar has also recorded the lowest literacy rares both in case of male and female (60.32 percent of male literacy and 33.57 percent of female literacy).
According to the data provided by the Government, for the first time since Independence, the absolute number of illiterates has declined by over 31.9 million in the last decade. A significant mile-stone reached as per the figures of Cencus 2001 is that while the 7+ population increased by 171.6 million persons during 1991-2000, about 203.6 million additional persons have become literate during the decade.
A comparision of the cencus figures of 1991 and 2001 indicades that: (1) The literacy rates recorded an increase of 13.17 percentage points from 52.21 in 1991 to 65.38 in 2001, the highest rate since Independence. (2) The female literacy rate increased by 14.87 percentage points (from 39.24 percent to 54.16 percent) as against 11.72 percent (from 64.1 percent to 75.8 percent) in case of males; (3) the gap in the male-female literacy rates has increased from 24.84 in 1991 cencus to 21.70 percentage points in 2001; (4) All the states and Union Territories, without exception, have shown increase in literacy rates, the male literacy rate now being over 60 percent; (5) The states and Union Territories which have moved forward by more than fifteen percentage points during the decade are Rajasthan, Chattishgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (22.48, 22.27, 19.44, 19.33, 17.02 and 16.65 percentage respectively).
Bihar has registered a minimm increase of 10.04 percent points from 37.49 percent to 47.53 percent.
The ninth plan treats education as the most crucial investment in human development. The Prime Minister's special action plan (SAP) has stressed the need for expension and improvement of social infrustructure in the field of education.
This goal has been furthur elaborated in the Nation Agenda for Governance (NAG ), which states;" we are committed to a total eradication of illiteracy. We will formulate the implement plans to gradually increase the governmental and non-governmental spending on education up to 6 percent of the GDP, that is to provide educationfor all. We will implement the constitutional provision of making primary education free and compulsory up to the fifth standard. Our aim is to move towards equal access to and opportunity of educational standards up to the school leaving stage. We shall strive to improve the quality of education at all levels-from primary schools to our universities."
There is no death of good schemes, but the trouble lies in half-hearted implementation of the programmes and lack of motivation among school teachers and the poor infrastructural facilities. There is hardly any healthy contact between the teachers and taught. Parents refuse to send their daughters to school situated pretty far away from home for obvious security reasons. And the incedence of school drop outs still remain very high. A few states like Tamilnadu, Assam pioneered the Mid-day meals scheme to cut down the dropout rate and provide supplementary nutrition to school children and in the process we can bring the children away from the lure of child labour. Many schools are still being run in dilapidated buildings or in the open without any protection from the havoc of climate.
It is absolutely essential that the problem of universal elementary education and literacy is tackled through a powerful mass movement with clearly percieved goals involving the central and state Governments, the Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, the Panchayati Raj institutions, NGOs, the media and every other supportive agency in society. The problem need to be tackled on a war footing. It is now universally acknowledged that the best anidote to the chronic problem of child labour is universalisation of elementary education. It is happy news that the constitution (93rd Amendment) Bill 2001 has made the right to education a Fundamental Education Right. There is an urgent need to impart necessary training to primary school teachers in order to bring down the incidence of dropouts and the high rate of attrition of primary school teachers.
The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP ) aims at providing access to primery education for all children, reducing drop out rates to less than ten percent, increasing the learning achievement of primary school students by at least 20 percent and reducing the gap among gender and social groups to less than five percent in the educationally backard district with female literacy below the national average.
According to the sixth All India Education Servey, 83.4 percent of the habitations in the country were served by a primery school within 1 kilimeter of walking distance. However the number of habitations without the primery schools/sections, as per the norms of 1 km. distance, is as high as 1.76 lakh.
The national Literacy Mission (NLM) ,launched in 1988, aims at attaining full literacy ,i.e., sustainable threshold level of 75 percent by 2005.The Mission seeks to achieve this goal by imparting functional literacy to non -literates in the age group of 15-35(including the age group of 9-14 Where Non-formal Education is not in operation).Today literacy campaigns, being area-specific, time-bound,volunteer-based, cost-effective and result oriented, are the dominant strategy of the National Literacy Mission for the eradication of illiteracy. The importance of fellow-up action is not ignored in the literacy programme and individual interest promotion programmes. Post literacy campaigns are a concomitant to the basic literacy classes. The basic idea is to see that the neoliterates do not slip back into illiteracy. Emphasis is also laid on skill upgradation and the continuation of education package which offers a hast of programmes like income generating programmes, quality of life improvement programmes. So far 561 district across the country have taken up literacy programmes and made 91.53 milion people literate/Of thede, 166 districts have been covered under Total Literacy Campaign, 290 districts under Post Literacy Programmes and 105 districts covered under Continuing Education Programmes.
Under the Vajpayee government, the Department of Elementary Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resources Development, has launched the Sarba Shiksha Abhiyan ( SSA ), a historical national mission to provide eight years of quality education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years. The programme seeks to bridge both gender and social gaps with the active participation of the community. All the districts in the country were to be covered by the programme by the end of 2002. By 2003, all children were to be brought to be schools, Education Guarrantee Centres, Alternative Schools or back to school camps. By 2007, all children are expected to complete five years of education. By 2010, children will have completed eight years of quality elementary education.
SSA is part of the long haul for the gigantic task of elimination illiteracy among children, that is targeted to be completed by 2010. The SSA was launched in september 2001. A sum of Rs 500 crore has been released to 520 districts from the total of Rs 1300 crore approved. At the initial stages, under the SSA, we would require 6,078 new primary schools and 4,620 upper primery schools and a contingent of 14,540 primery and 7,591 secondary school teachers. these school need building, class rooms, toilets and drinking water. This would be arranged by panchayats, muniicipal bodies and voluntary organisations selected by the state governments. The SSA needs quick disbursement of funds. Central funds"for infrastructure, teachers or books" are sent directly to the SSA mission, a registered society generally headed by the Chief Minister or Education Minister. From here, the funds are sent to the organisation,"be it the panchayat or the NGO or the school," where the SSA functions.
Literacy is the base of a nation's development. India can illafford to remain a house divided : a house where you find the best skilled man power in the world Juxtaposed with the largest number of illeterates in the world.
The yawning gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots' in term of educational attainments has to be narrowed down. Let us not forget that ignorance leads to greater exploitation and lack of empowerment leading to perpetuation of proverty, ill-health and a hast of other social problems. Eradication of illiteracy should be on a war footing. Delay means disaster.

The Ships that will never Sail (The Titanic and the Queen Elizabeth)

God, the greatest creator and sustainer
Make the things great and small;
They all belong to him,
He is the lord of all. 
God is almighty, omnipresent, omnicient and omnipotant. He gives man the power to do and make everything for himself not for God. There is a saying that man proposes and, God disposes. Man can do everything but nothing in reality. The making of theTITANIC is one of the greatest wonderful creations of man that destroyed completely in the rags of time.
THE TITANIC: The full name of theTITANIC was ROYAL MAI STEAMER (R.M.S. TITANIC). The unsinkable ship takes about five half years to build expending 75 lakh dollars. It was like a floating town and as tall as 15 storeyed building. It's details :Length-883ft Width-92 ft. Height-104 ft. Weight-6000 tonne. Speed-22 knot+++, Life-boats-16 . Bent life-boats -4. The length of the boat-30 ft. and passenger carrying capacity-64. First class ticket fare-3100 dollars. Third class ticket fare-32 dollars.
On 10th April 1912 the largest luxury ship and the finest ship in the world set sail from Southampton (England) to New York (America). She set out to cross the Atlantic Ocean in herMAIDEN VOYAGE, the forst journey carrying 22 passengers and 1000 sailors including 62 years old Captain E.J. Smith. The passengers were proud and happy bacause they were travelling in the best ship inthe world that could never sink. Many of the passengers were asleep. due to their comfortable and safe journey.
The danger night of 14th April came. The TITANIC was 23 knot in speed. At  11:40 p.m.the man who kept watch from the top of the ship saw something and grew cold with fear. "ICEBERG" he yelled. Captain smith fought hard to steer the TITANIC but she changed direction slowly and her side scraped the mountain of ice. Water began to pour in to the ship as the iceberg cut holes along the ship's side. The unsinkable ship was sinking ans sinking. At 12:15 a.m. captain send messages to the ship's radio. "HELP! TITANIC SINKING! COME QUICKLY!" She could send messages 250 miles away through it's radio . TheCALIFORNIA (a ship) was only 20 miles away but it's radio wasturned off where the radio operatore was asleep. TheTITANIC vanished in to the sea at 2:20 a.m. on  15th April. 1513 people drowned or died of cold. The CARPATHIA (another ship) saved 1687 people arriving there three hours late. Most of the Titanic Victims were burried at the CITY OF FUNERALS, HALIFAX, the capital of Nova Scotia. Fmale were saved more than male passengers: first class saved female passengers-97%, second class-84% and third class-55% on the other hand 34%, 8% and 12% male passengers were saved respectively.
On 1st September, 1985 under the supervision of NATINAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, scientists sent a submarine to look for the wreck of the TITANIC. They found the ship lying in two pieces on the ocean floor at a depth of around 4 thousand metres. After this on 16th August, 1998 Discovery Channel gave us direct picture of it.
There are many stories of bravery and true LOVE on that terrible night in April 1912. Almost every one who enjoys the cinemaTHE TITANIC by James Cameron leaves the cinema in tears. Perhaps the white bacteria, RUSTICALS will finish eating the last wreck of the TITANIC one day.
THE QUEEN ELIZABETH:The biggest ship in the world was built in 1940. Her length was 309 metres and her width was 35.5 mts. Like the TITANIC she used to sail across the Atlantic Ocean from England to America with 3450 people abroad including 1250 sailors to sail the ship. She was like a small town having dining rooms, restaurants, two swimming pools, shops, a post office, a cinema hall, a bank and a daily newspaper was printed on board the ship.
The wueen Elizabeth was used to carry soldiers, sailors and airmen during the second world war. After the war she became a passenger-ship again for many years from England to America taking only four days for the journey. Gradually she grew old and on the other hand people used to make their journey quicker by air.At last she was bought by Mr. C.Y. Tung, a Hong Kong citizen. It was made the Sea-Wise University (C.Y's University), a big school for young men and women. The student would be able to travel around the world during their studies.
Tung took the ship to Hong Kong for repairs and she caught fire while she was being repaired and finally ended her life in Hong Kong harbour.